A lot of people get a bit apprehensive when they hear the word “nuclear medicine”, mainly because they associate it with more sinister and historic events, like nuclear explosions and weapons, however the reality is far from that.
Genetic counsellors are specialists with expert knowledge in human genetics, counselling and health communication skills. They work as part of a team, usually with medical specialists such as clinical geneticists, oncologists, surgeons etc.
Physiotherapy focus on movement science helping individuals to maintain and maximize their physical strength, range of motion, functional and overall well-being. Also, physiotherapy interventions have been proven to be effective in addressing major complications of arising from gynaecological cancer, or its treatment. Furthermore, physiotherapy plays an important in the survivorship program of patients diagnosed with gynaecological and other cancers.
Stigma has been defined as a process in which a person is perceived as a broken, labelled collection of several parts, rather than a whole human entity (Goffman,1963). Linked with stigma are feelings of shame and inferiority (Lim & Tan, 2014; Noroozi et al., 2018). Stigma can be associated with any phenomenon or characteristic that members of a society look down upon. Stigma associated with an illness is typically projected upon people suffering from a certain illness (Scambler, 2009).
Clinical staging is used to determine the extent and spread of cancer within the body before treatment starts. The location from where the cancer originates is called the ‘primary site’. The extent to which the tumor has spread at the time of diagnosis is called ‘clinical stage’ in medical lexicon. At the time of diagnosis, the cancer may be localized to the primary site, may have spread locally, or may have spread to involve distant sites and organs. The staging system provides information for planning treatment and predict the prognosis.
Nicotine, a stimulant in many products like cigars and cigarettes, creates a pleasurable sensation that can lead to addiction. Social pressures play an essential role in the emergence of smoking addiction, as it relates to people having social acceptance. And over time, the different external factors create an environment that promotes smoking despite its negative effect on health and its serious consequences.
The diagnosis of any cancer is established on biopsy material. A biopsy is obtained from the tissue or organ where cancer is suspected. The biopsy material is then processed and subjected to examination under the microscope. Biopsy not only provides the diagnosis، but also informs the physicians of several other important parameters pertinent to medical care، such as the type of cancer، its grade، the degree of differentiation، the likely biological behavior of the tumor، ie. slow growing or rapidly progressing، and prognostic factors. Prognostic factors refer to features which help predict the likely course of the disease.
Brachy radiotherapy is a special form of radiotherapy known as brachy, which means short or near, referring to the close distance between the radiation source and the tumor. In contrast to usual external radiotherapy, the potent radioactive source of radiation is placed directly on or inserted into the tumor. This allows for targeted and precise irradiation of the tumor area, providing the best possible protection for surrounding healthy body tissue. Brachytherapy may be used as monotherapy or in combination with external radiation therapy, depending on the indication.
The word ‘Screening’ refers to looking for cancer or the precancerous condition before the onset of symptoms. Through screening, cancer can be detected in the pre-invasive stage or in an early stage of cancer, when treatment is easier, and chances of cure are very high.
The pancreas is a gland located behind the stomach and secretes hormones that help regulate sugar in the body and aid digestion through direct secretion into the blood or through the pancreatic duct directly connected to the duodenum.
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